ʻO ka ʻōpala plastik kahi pilikiahe waikahema kekahi mau wahi o ka honua.No ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā polymers plastic, hiki i ka haumia plastik ke pani i nā kahawai holoʻokoʻa.Inā hiki i ke kai, nui loanā ʻōpala e lana ana.

Ma ke kauoha e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia honua o ka pollution plastic, ua hoʻomohala nā mea noiʻi i kahi plastic degradable e wāwahi ʻia ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i ka lā a me ka ea no hoʻokahi pule wale nō - kahi hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, a i ʻole nā ​​​​keneturi, hiki ke lawe i kekahi plastic i kēlā me kēia lā. mea e decompose.

Inhe pepa i paiiai loko o ka Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), ua hōʻike ka poʻe noiʻi i kā lākou plastic degradable hou e wāwahi ʻia i ka lā i loko o ka waikawa succinic, kahi mole liʻiliʻi ʻona ʻole i waiho ʻole i nā ʻāpana microplastic i ke kaiapuni.

Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) a me ka mass spectroscopy chemical characterization e hōʻike i kā lākou ʻike ma ka plastic, kahi polymer-based petroleum.

Bio-based?Hiki ke hana hou?Biodegradable?ʻO kāu alakaʻi i nā plastic paʻa

Me ka hoʻomau i kiʻekiʻe ma ka papahana o kēlā me kēia kanaka a me ka ʻenehana e holomua wikiwiki ana, ke loli nei ka honua o nā plastics.Eia ka mea e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i nā mea plastik hou - a me nā huaʻōlelo huikau i kekahi manawa,

Ua lilo ka ʻōpala palaki i mea hopohopo honua.Ma kahi kokoke i ʻehā haneli miliona mau tona i hana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, oiaiʻO 79 ka nui o nā ʻōpala palaka a pau i hana ʻia ua pau i loko o nā ʻōpala a i ʻole he ʻōpala i nā wahi kūlohelohe.

Akā, pehea e pili ana i nā plastik hou, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomau - e kōkua anei lākou iā mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka paʻakikī ʻōpala plastik?He aha ka manaʻo maoli o nā huaʻōlelo bio-based, biodegradable a i ʻole recyclable plastics, a pehea lā e hiki ai iā lākou ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu hoʻomau a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pono o ka aila maʻemaʻe i ka hana plastik?

E alakaʻi mākou iā ʻoe i kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo maʻamau e pili ana i nā plastic plastic sustainable a wehe i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o kēlā me kēia.

Bioplastics - nā plastics i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka bio a i ʻole biodegradable a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻelua

ʻO Bioplastics kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e pili ana i nā plastics i bio-based, biodegradable, a kūpono paha i nā pae ʻelua.

He ʻokoʻa me nā plastik kahiko i hana ʻia mai nā meaʻai mai nā fossil-based feedstock,Ua hana piha ʻia a hapa ʻia nā plastic i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka bio mai ka meaʻai meaʻai houloaʻa mai ka biomass.ʻO nā mea maka i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka hana ʻana i kēia mau meaʻai hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka palaka, ʻo ia nā ʻōpala kulina, nā kumu kō a me ka cellulose, a me nā ʻaila like ʻole a me nā momona mai nā kumu hou.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo 'bioplastics' a me ka 'bio-based plastics' e ka poʻe lae akā ʻaʻole like lākou i ka manaʻo like.

ʻO nā plastic biodegradableʻO nā plastics me nā hale molekala hou e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka bacteria i ka hopena o ko lākou ola ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana kaiapuni.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā plastik bio-based a ʻo kekahi mau plastics i hana ʻia mai nā wahie mōʻalihaʻi maoli.

Bio-based - nā plastic i loaʻa nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia mai ka biomass

ʻO nā plastik i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka bio he ʻāpana a i ʻole i hana ʻia mai nā mea i hana ʻia mai ka biomass ma kahi o nā mea makaʻala.He biodegradable kekahi akā ʻaʻole kekahi.

I ka makahiki 2018, ua hana ʻia he 2.61 miliona tons o nā plastics bio-based i ka honua holoʻokoʻa.e like me ka Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites (IfBB).Akā ʻaʻole ia ma lalo o 1% o ka mākeke plastik honua.Ke hoʻomau nei ka noi no ka plastic, no laila ke koi ʻia no nā hoʻonā plastics hoʻomau.Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka plastic maʻamau i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mōʻalihaku me ka plastic drop-in - kahi mea like bio-based.Hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kapuaʻi kalapona o ka huahana hope aʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka huahana - kona lōʻihi a i ʻole recyclable - no ka laʻana, e mau nō.

ʻO ka Polyhydroxyalkanoate a i ʻole PHA, he ʻano maʻamau o ka plastic biodegradable bio-based plastic, i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa no ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻōmole, no ka laʻana.ʻo iahana ʻia e ka fermentation ʻoihana ke hānai ʻia kekahi mau huakini i ke kō a i ʻole ka momonamai nā meaʻai e like mebeets, kō, kulina a ʻaila ʻaila paha.Akā ʻo nā huahana i makemake ʻole ʻia,e like me ka aila kuke ʻai a i ʻole ka molasses i koe ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ke kō, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai ʻē aʻe, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā mea kanu meaʻai no nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka noi no ka plastic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā plastics bio-based i komo i ka mākeke a pono e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he koho.

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ʻO kekahi o nā plastic plastic-bio-based, e like me, drop-in plastics, he ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai like me nā plastic plastics maʻamau.ʻAʻole biodegradable kēia mau plastics, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi i makemake ʻia ka lōʻihi.

ʻO ka PET e pili ana i ka bio, i hana ʻia mai loko mai o ka mea kanu ethylene glycol i loaʻa i nā mea kanu, hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana he nui e like menā ʻōmole, nā loko kaʻa a me nā mea uila.Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku no nā plastics hoʻomau,ke manaʻo nei e ulu ka mākeke no kēia plastik e 10.8% mai 2018 a 2024, hui ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

ʻO ka polypropylene (PP) i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka bio he plastic drop-in ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana e like me nā noho, nā ipu a me nā kapena.I ka hopena o 2018,ʻO ka hana pāʻoihana pāʻoihana o ka bio-based PP i hana ʻia no ka manawa mua,ka hana ʻana mai ka ʻaila ʻōpala a me ke koena o ka ʻaila, e like me ka aila kuke i hoʻohana ʻia.

Biodegradable - palaka i palaho ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā

Inā biodegradable ka plastic, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana kaiapuni a i ka wā e hoʻopili ai me nā bacteria a i ʻole microbes kikoʻī - e hoʻohuli iā ia i wai, biomass a me carbon dioxide, a i ʻole methane, ma muli o nā kūlana aerobic a anaerobic paha.ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia ka biodegradation i ka ʻike bio-based;akā, pili ia i ke ʻano molekala o ka plastic.ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā plastic biodegradable he bio-based,hana ʻia kekahi mau plastic biodegradable mai ka ʻaila fossil based feedstock.

ʻAʻole maopopo ka huaʻōlelo biodegradablee kuhikuhi i kahi manawaa i ʻole ke kaiapuni no ka palaho.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā plastics, ʻoiai nā mea hiki ʻole i ka biodegradable, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa inā hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka manawa kūpono, no ka laʻana he mau haneli mau makahiki.E wāwahi lākou i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maka o ke kanaka, akā e noho mau ma ke ʻano he microplastics i ke kaiapuni a puni mākou.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā plastic biodegradable e biodegrade i CO2, ka wai a me ka biomass inā hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka manawa kūpono.ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni kūikawā.Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēlāʻike kikoʻīe pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana o ka plastic i ka biodegrade, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka biodegradation a me nā kūlana i koi ʻia no ka loiloi maikaʻi ʻana i kāna mau ʻike kaiapuni.ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loiloi compostable plastic, kahi ʻano plastic biodegradable, no ka mea pono ia e hoʻokō i nā kūlana i wehewehe ʻia e kūpono i kahi lepili.

Hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia – he ʻano o ka plastic biodegradable

ʻO ka plastic compostable kahi ʻāpana o ka plastic biodegradable.Ma lalo o nā kūlana compost, ua wāwahi ʻia e nā microbes i CO2, wai a me ka biomass.

No ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka plastic i ka compostable, pono ia e hoʻokō i kekahi mau kūlana.Ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahiʻO ka manawa o 12 pule, 90% o ka plastic pono e hoʻoheheʻe i mau ʻāpana ma lalo o 2mm.i ka nui ma nā kūlana hoʻomalu.Pono e loaʻa nā metala kaumaha haʻahaʻa i ʻole ia e pōʻino i ka lepo.

ʻO nā mea i hoʻopili ʻiapono e hoʻouna ʻia i kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā kūlana wela a me ka humidi mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.ʻO ka PBAT, no ka laʻana, he polymer i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka fossil feedstock i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻeke ʻōpala organik, nā kīʻaha hoʻopau a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea kanu compost.

He mea paʻakikī ke hana ʻana i ka plastik e haki ana ma nā wahi ākea e like me nā puʻu wai kohu hale.No ka laʻana, kūpono nā PHA i ka bila akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia mai ia manawahe pipiʻi lākou i ka hana ʻana a ua lohi a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻonui.Eia naʻe, ke hana nei nā chemists i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēia, no ka laʻana ma ka hoʻohana ʻanahe mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika hou- he mea e kōkua ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena kemika.

Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia - hoʻololi i ka plastic i hoʻohana ʻia i huahana hou e ka mīkini a i ʻole nā ​​mea kemika

Inā hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka plastic, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hana hou ʻia i kahi mea kanu ʻoihana a lilo i huahana pono ʻē aʻe.Hiki ke ho'ohana hou 'ia kekahi mau 'ano plastics ma'amau - 'o ke 'ano o ka hana hou 'ana.Akā ʻo ka loiloi honua mua o nā ʻōpala plastik āpau i hana ʻiaUa ʻike ʻia he 9% wale nō o ka plastic i hana hou ʻia mai ka wā i hoʻomaka ʻia ai ka hana ʻana ma kahi o ʻeono mau makahiki i hala.

Hana hou ʻana i ka mīkiniʻo ia ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻōpala plastik a hoʻololi i nā pellets.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pellets i mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana hou.Ua emi ka maikaʻi o ka plastik i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana;no laila he ʻāpana plastikhiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia i nā manawa i kaupalena ʻiama mua, ʻaʻole kūpono ia ma ke ʻano he mea maka.Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka plastik hou, a i ʻole ka 'ilika puʻupaʻa', me ka plastic recycled ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i huahana hou e kōkua ai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maikaʻi.ʻOiai, ʻaʻole kūpono nā plastic i hana hou ʻia no nā kumu āpau.

Hiki ke pani i ka aila mōʻalihaʻi puʻupaʻa ma ke kemika i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics hou

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Hana hou ʻana i nā kemika, kahi e hoʻololi hou ʻia ai nā palaka i mau poloka kūkulu hale a laila e hana ʻia i mea maka no nā plastic a me nā kemika hou, he ʻohana hou o nā kaʻina hana e ulu nei i kēia manawa.Hoʻokomo pinepine ia i nā catalysts a/a i ʻole ka wela kiʻekiʻe loa e wāwahi i ka plastic ahiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kahi ākea ākea o ka ʻōpala plastik i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hana hou ʻana.No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni plastik me nā papa he nui a i ʻole kekahi mau mea haumia.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea maka i hana ʻia mai ka ʻōpala palaka i ke kaʻina hana houhoʻololi i ka ʻaila ʻaila puʻupaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā mea maka i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hana hou ʻana kemika, ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka plastic i ka wā i hana ʻia ʻaʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hana hou ʻana.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka plastic hopena e hana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole me nā ipu meaʻai a me nā mea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mālama ola kino kahi e loaʻa ai nā koi palekana huahana.